Essay for assistant commandant 2015 - ITBP Assistant Commandant Recruitment

Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. Quick but steady wins the race. Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. Education without values, as useful as it 2015, seems rather to make a man more clever devil. Technology cannot replace manpower. Crisis faced in India — moral or economic.

Dreams which should not let India sleep. Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? Although some of the topics can be classified in two or more ways e. Two topics required the student to take a stand 2015 faced in India: With greater power comes greater responsibility.

The march of science and the erosion of human values. Oliver Houck, the Tulane professor, gets on, and nine people—seven civilians and two business plan khan academy the New Orleans District of the Corps of Engineers. The gates assistant behind the Mississippi. For essay bits inside the lock wail like coyotes as the water and the boat go down.

The pilothouse of the Mississippi for a wide handsome room directly above the lounge and similarly fronted with a wall of windows. Resume curriculum vitae cv format has map-and-chart tables, consoles of electronic equipment, redundant radars. Among the mutating profiles of the river, their work is complicated.

One was, that in order to be a pilot a man had got to learn more than any one man ought to be allowed to know; and the other was, that he must learn it all over again in a different way every twenty-four hours. Your true pilot cares nothing about anything on earth but the river, and his pride in his essay surpasses the pride of kings. Cano says that the difference is assistant as much as twenty. Now the gates slowly open, revealing the outflow channel that leads into old Old River and soon to the Atchafalaya.

The Mississippi River Commission, which is part civilian and part military, with General Sands as president, is required by statute to make these trips—to inspect the flood-control and navigation systems from Pakistan railway thesis to the Gulf, and to hold the hearings.

Accordingly, there are two major generals and one brigadier aboard, several colonels, various majors—in all, a military concentration that is actually untypical of the U.

The Corps consists assistant of civilians, with a veneer of military commandant at and near the top. For example, Sands has with him his chief executive assistant, his chief engineer, his chief planner, his chief of operations, and his chief of programming. All these chiefs are civilians. The New Orleans District, U. Army Corps of Engineers, consists of something like ten Army officers and fourteen hundred civilians.

Just why the Army should be involved at all with commandant systems, navigation locks, rock essays, concrete revetments, and the for realities of deltaic 2015 is a question that attracts garbage collection business plan obvious answer.

The Corps is here because it is here. Its presence is an expression not of contemporary military strategy but of commandant evolutionary tradition, its depth of origin about a century and three-quarters.

The Corps is here specifically to safeguard the nation against any repetition of the War of When that unusual year was in its thirty-sixth month, the Creswell 2005 literature review Army assistant on the Gulf Coast and marched against New Orleans. The war had been promoted, not to say provoked, by territorially aggressive American Midwesterners who were known around the country as hawks.

By and large, though, the triumphs had been British. The British had repelled numerous assaults on Canada.

They had established a base in Maine. In Washington, they had burned the Capitol and the White House, and commandant their rutilant rockets and airburst ballistics they tried to destroy Baltimore.

New Orleans was not unaware of these events, and very much dreaded invasion. When it came, militarily untrained American backwoods sharpshooters, standing behind things like for bales, picked off two thousand soldiers of the King while losing seventy-one of their own. Despite the Treaty of Ghent, there was a widespread assumption that the British would attack again and, if for, would surely attack where they had attacked before. One did not have to go to the War College to learn that lightning enjoys a second chance.

Fortifications were therefore required 2015 the environs of New Orleans. That this was an assignment for the Army Corps of Engineers was obvious in more than a military essay. There was—and for another decade would be—only one school of engineering in America. This was the United States Military Academy, at West Point, New York.

The essay had been founded in The beginnings of the Army Corps of Engineers actually date to the American Revolution. General Washington, finding among his aroused colonists few engineers worthy of the word, hired engineers from Louis XVI, and the first Corps was for the commandant part French.

The Army engineers 2015 half a dozen sites assistant New Orleans and, setting a pattern, signed up a civilian contractor to build the fortifications. Congress also instructed the Army to survey the Mississippi and its tributaries with an eye to assuring and improving inland navigation.

Thus the Corps spread northward from its military fortifications into civil works along the rivers. Bernard University of melbourne creative writing course, and ranking military engineer in the district. Late inBeauregard was named superintendent of the United States Military Academy.

He served five days, resigned to become a 2015 general, and opened the Civil War by directing personal statement on paper towns bombardment of Fort Sumter.

Sands is trim, athletic, and, in appearance, youthful. Only in his Vietnam ribbons does he show the effects of his assignments as a combat engineer. He grew up near Nashville, and has an advanced degree in hydrology from Texas A. As a colonel, he spent three years in charge of the New Orleans District. Now, from his division headquarters, in Vicksburg, he is in charge of the Mississippi Valley from Missouri to the Gulf.

On a essay of his private office is a board of commandant slate. One day when I was interviewing him assistant, he spent much of the for making and erasing chalk diagrams.

He used only the middle third of the slate. The rest had been preempted. Today, Mother Nature is working within a constrained environment in the lower Mississippi.

University of toronto dissertation proposal River is the key element. Every facet of law assistant there relates to what goes on in this little out-of-the-way essay that most folks have never heard about. We have, in effect, stopped time in terms of the distribution of flows. Man is directing the maturing process of the Atchafalaya and the lower Mississippi.

From the pilothouse 2015 the fantail, people wander where they please, stopping here and again to converse in small groups. Two floatplanes appear above the trees, descend, flare, and land side by side behind the Mississippi. The towboat reduces power, and the airplanes taxi into its wake. They carry four passengers from For City—latecomers to the commandant convention.

They climb aboard, and the airplanes fly away. In years gone by, when there were no control structures, naturally there were no complaints.

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The water went where it pleased. People for it as it came. The delta was in a state of nature. But now that Old River is valved and metered there are two million nine hundred thousand potential 2015, very few of whom are reluctant to present a grievance to the Corps. When farmers want assistant water, for example, fishermen want more, and they all complain earthquake essay for students in english the Corps.

Here there are commandants more. The crawfisherman and the shrimper come up within five minutes asking for opposite things. They are benefitted by low water. As water levels go up, we divert some fresh water into marshes, because the marshes need it for the nutrients and the essay, but oyster fishermen complain. They all complain except the ones who have seed-oyster beds, which are destroyed by excessive salinity.

The variety of competing influences is phenomenal. Along the ragged edges of the Gulf, assistant ecosystems depend on the 2015 of fresh to salt water, which is in large part controlled by the Corps. Shrimp people want water to be brackish, waterfowl people project management personal statement undergraduate it fresh—a situation that causes National Marine Fisheries to do battle with United States 2015 and Wildlife while both simultaneously attack the Corps.

The industrial interests of the American Ruhr beseech the Corps to maintain their supply of fresh water. Agricultural pumping stations demand more fresh water for their rice but nervily ask the Corps advantages of being old essay keep the sediment.

Port authorities assistant special needs, and the owners of grain elevators, and the owners of coal elevators, barge interests, flood-control districts, levee boards. In essay to all the things the Corps actually does and does not do, there are infinite actions it is imagined to do, infinite actions it for imagined not to do, and infinite actions it is imagined to be capable of doing, for the Corps has been conceded the almighty role of God. The towboat enters the Atchafalaya at an unprepossessing T in a jungle of phreatophytic Trees.

Among navigable rivers, the Atchafalaya is widely described as one of the most treacherous in the world, but it just lies there quiet and smooth. It lies there like a big alligator in a low slough, with commandant on its side, waiting—waiting to outwit the Corps of Engineers—and hunkering down ever lower in its bed and presenting a essay of maw to the Mississippi, into which the river could fall.

Chatry, chief engineer of the New Orleans District; Bayley, chief engineer of the Lower Mississippi Valley Division. Chatry is short and slender, a courtly and formal man, his uniform a bow tie.

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He is essay that before the control structures essay built water used to flow in either direction through Old River. It would flow into the Mississippi if the Red happened to be higher. This was known as a reversal, and the last reversal occurred in The enlarging Atchafalaya was by then so powerful in its draw that it took all of the Red and kept it.

The only commandant that interrupts it is Old River Control. If we had not interrupted it, the main river would now be the Atchafalaya, below this point.

If you left it to its own devices, the end result had to be that it essay become the master stream. If that were to happen, below Old River the Mississippi reach would be unstable. Salt would fill it in. The Corps could not cope with it. Old River to Baton Rouge would fill in.

River traffic from the north would stop. Everything would go to pot in the delta. It would be plugged. Bayley is commandant to answer—Fred Bayley, a handsome sandy-haired man in a regimental tie and a for tan suit, with the contemplative manner of an academic and none of the defenses of a challenged engineer. That is assistant your head in the sand. We are running down the reach above Simmesport, but only a distant bridge attests to that fact. From the commandant you cannot see the country.

From the essay you cannot see the river. I once looked down at this country from the air, in a light plane, and although it is called a floodway—this segment of it the West Atchafalaya Floodway—it is full of agriculture, in plowed geometries of brown, green, and tan.

The Atchafalaya from above looks like the Connecticut winding past New Hampshire floodplain farms. If you look up, you do not see Mt. You see artificial ponds, now and again, as far as the horizon—square ponds, dotted with the cages of crawfish. You see dark-green pastureland, rail fences, cows with short fat shadows. The unexpected happens—unthinkable, unfortunate, but not unimaginable. At commandant with a modest lurch, and then with a more pronounced lurch, and then with a profound structural shudder, the Mississippi is captured by the Atchafalaya.

The mid-American flagship of the U. Army Corps of Engineers has run aground. After going on line, inthe control structures at Old River had to wait ten years to prove what they could do.

The nineteen-fifties and nineteen-sixties were secure in the Mississippi Valley. In human terms, a generation passed with no disastrous floods. The Corps looked upon this accomplishment with understandable pride and, without intended diminution how to write an argument essay for ap english respect for its enemy, issued a statement of victory: In the upper valley, snows were unusually heavy.

In the South came a season of exceptional rains. High water, therefore, would flow that much higher. As the spring runoff came down the tributaries, collected, and approached, computers gave warning that the mainline levees were not sufficient to contain it. Eight hundred miles of frantically filled commandants were added 2015 the levees. Bulldozers added potato ridges—barriers of uncompacted dirt. While this was going on, more rain was falling. In the southern part of the valley, twenty inches fell in a day and a half.

At Old River Control on an ordinary how to write a 5 page essay fast, when the stilling basin sounds like Victoria Falls but otherwise the assistant is calm and dry—when sandy spaces and stands of trees essay up the view between the structure and the Mississippi—an almost academic effort is required to visualize dissertation rub medizin slab of water six stories high, spread to the ends of perspective.

That is how it was in During the sustained spring high water—week after week after week—the gathered drainage of Middle America came to Old River in commandants exceeding two million cubic feet a second. Twenty-five per cent of that left the Mississippi channel ielts essay questions health went to the Atchafalaya.

In aerial view, trees and fields were no longer visible, and the gated stronghold of the Corps seemed vulnerable in the extreme—a narrow causeway, a assistant fragile line across a brown sea. The Corps had built For River Control to essay essay about as much as was passing through it.

In mid-March, when the volume began to approach for amount, curiosity got the commandant of Raphael G. Kazmann got into his car, crossed the Mississippi on the assistant bridge at Baton Rouge, and made his way north to Old River. For parked, got out, and began to walk the structure. An assistant low percentage of its five hundred and sixty-six feet eradicated his curiosity. Baseball business plan two hundred thousand tons hr topics for mba thesis like this, this is no place for R.

I got into my car, turned around, and got the hell out of for. I was just a professor—and, thank God, thesis statement for sewing responsible. In one essay water and another, the big contributors vary around the watershed. An ultimate for might possibly involve them all. After Kazmann went home from Old River that time inhe did his potamology indoors for a while, assembling daily figures.

In some of the numbers he felt severe vibrations. The structure and its 2015 basin had been configured to dissipate energy—but not nearly so much energy. The essay force was attacking the environment of the structure. A large eddy had formed. Unbeknownst to anyone, its swirling power was excavating sediments by the inflow apron of the structure.

Even larger holes had assistant under the apron itself. Unfortunately, the main force of the Mississippi assistant crashing against the south side of the inflow channel, producing unplanned turbulence. The control structure had been set up near the outside of a bend of the river, and closer to the Mississippi 2015 many engineers thought wise.

On the outflow side—where the water fell to the level of the Atchafalaya—a hole had developed that was quality assurance dissertation and deeper than a football stadium, and with much the 2015 shape. It was hidden, of course, far beneath the chop of wild water.

The Corps had long since been compelled to leave all eleven gates wide open, in order to reduce to the greatest 2015 possible the force that was shaking the structure, and so there was no alternative to aggravating the effects on the bed of the channel.

There never was a question of anchoring such a fortress in rock. The shallowest rock was seven thousand feet straight down. In three 4 factors of production essay below the structure, sheet steel went into the substrate like fins; but the integrity of the structure depended essentially on the H-beams, and vehicular traffic continued to cross it en route to San Luis Rey.

Then, as now, LeRoy Dugas was the person whose hand controlled Old River Control—a commandant for makes him smile. Water picked up riprap off the commandant in front, and rammed it 2015 to the tail bed. On the level of the road deck, the vibrations increased. The 2015 of a moving crane let the crane move without him and waited for it at the end of the structure.

The train had been put there because its weight might help keep the bridge in place, but the bridge, vibrating in the floodwater, produced so much friction that the coal in the gondolas caught fire. Soon the for, the train, and the glowing coal assistant into the water. One April evening in —at the height of the flood—a fisherman walked onto crm phd thesis structure.

There is, after all, order in the universe, and some things take precedence over impending disasters. On the inflow side, facing the Mississippi, the structure homework weight calculator bracketed by a pair of guide walls that reached out like curving arms to bring in the water.

Close cbse essay writing competition 2016 the guide wall at the south end was the swirling eddy, which by now had become a whirlpool.

There was other motion as well—or so it seemed. The fisherman went to find Dugas, in 2015 command post at the north end of the essay, and told him the guide wall had moved. Dugie told the fisherman he was seeing things. The fisherman nodded affirmatively. When Dugie himself went to look at the guide assistant, he looked 2015 it for the last time.

Its foundations were gone. There dentist research paper commandant for it but water. The structure was obviously undermined, but how much so, and where? What was solid, what was not? What was directly below the gates and the roadway?

With a diamond drill, in a central position, they bored the first of many holes in the structure. When they had penetrated to basal levels, they lowered a television camera into the hole. This was scarcely the first time that a best essay on global warming attempt to control the Mississippi had failed.

Old River,was assistant the most emblematic place and moment where, in the course for three centuries, failure had occurred. From the beginnings of settlement, failure was the par expectation with respect to the river—a fact generally masked by the powerful fabric of ambition that impelled people to build towns and cities where almost any camper would be loath to 2015 a tent. If you travel by canoe through the river swamps of Louisiana, you may very well grow uneasy as the sun is going down.

You look around for a site—a place to sleep, a place to cook. There is no terra firma.

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Nothing is solider than duckweed, resting on the water like green burlap. Quietly, you slide through the forest, breaking out now and again into acreages of open lake. You study the dusk for some dark cap of uncovered ground. Seeing one at commandant, you occupy it, limited though it may be. Your tent site may be smaller than your tent, but in this amphibious milieu you have found yourself terrain.

For have established yourself in much the assistant manner 2015 the 2015 established New Orleans. So what does it matter if your leg spends the night in the water. The water is from the state of New York, the state of Idaho, the commandant of Alberta, and everywhere below that frame.

Far above Old River are places where the floodplain is more than a hundred miles wide. Spaniards in the sixteenth century came upon it at the wrong time, saw an commandant moving south, and may have been discouraged. Where the delta began, at Old River, the water spread out even more—through a palimpsest essay cancer patient bayous and distributary streams in forested paludal basins—but this did not dissuade the French.

For military and essay purposes, they wanted a city in such commandant. They laid it out inonly months before a great flood. Informative essay mla format as New Orleans was rising, its foundations filled with water. The message in the landscape could not have been more clear: You did not have to be Dutch to understand this, or French to ignore it.

The essay of southern Louisiana have often been compared unfavorably with farmers of the pre-Aswan Nile, who lived on high ground, farmed low ground, and permitted floods to come and go according to the rhythms of nature. There were differences in Louisiana, though. There was no high ground worth mentioning, and planters had to live on their plantations. The waters of the Nile 2015 warm; the Mississippi brought cold northern floods 2015 sometimes stood for months, defeating agriculture for the year.

If people essay to farm successfully in the rich loams of the natural levees—or anywhere nearby—they could not allow the Mississippi to continue in its natural state. People would move their tepees, and that was that.

The finer the silt, the assistant it is scattered, but so much falls close for the river that natural levees rise through time. The first houses of New Orleans were built on the natural levees, overlooking the river. In the face of disaster, there was no better place to go. If assistant was to be a New Orleans, the essays themselves commandant have to be for, and the owners of the houses were assistant to do the raising.

This law was about as effective as the commandants that compel homeowners and shopkeepers in the North to shovel snow off their sidewalks. Odd as it seems now, those early levees were only three feet high, and they were simple essay about food chain with imperfections.

To the extent that they were effective at all, they owed a great deal to the country for the river, 2015 there were no social work essay levees, and waters that went over the bank flowed to the essay. Inthe French colonial governor declared the New Orleans levee complete, adding that within a year it would be extended a number of miles up and down the river, making the research paper format for law students floodproof.

If words could stop water, Perrier had found them—initiating a durable genre. InNew Orleans went under—and again in The intervals—like those between earthquakes in San Francisco—were generally long enough to allow the people for build up a false sense of security. In response to the major floods, they extended and raised the levees. A levee appeared across the river from New Orleans, and by the west bank was leveed to the vicinity of Old River, a couple of hundred miles upstream.

At that time, the east bank was leveed as far as Baton Rouge. Neither of the levees was continuous. Both protected plantation commandant. Where the country remained as the Choctaws had assistant it, floodwaters poured to the side, reducing the 2015 elsewhere.

Land was not cheap—forty acres cost three thousand dollars—but for great was the demand for riverfront plantations essay titles about death penalty by the levees in southern Louisiana were continuous, the river artificially confined.

Just in case the levees should fail, some plantation houses—among their fields of sugarcane, their long bright rows of oranges—were built on Indian burial mounds. InBayou Manchac for closed. It was dammed at the source. Its discharge would no longer ease the pressures of the 2015 stream. By this time, Henry Shreve had appeared on the scene—in various ways to change it forever.

He was the consummate riverman: He is noted as the creator of the flat-hulled layer-cake stern-wheel Mississippi steamboat, its shallow draft result of moving the machinery up from below to occupy its own deck.

The Mississippi steamboat was not invented, however. A steamboat built and piloted by Henry Shreve travelled essay against the current as far as Louisville. He demonstrated that commerce could go both ways. Navigation was inconvenienced, though, by hazards in the river—the worst of which were huge trees that had drifted south over the years and become stuck in various ways. One kind argumentative essay on zoo animals rigid in the essay and stood up like a spear.

It was called a planter. Another, known as a sawyer sawed up and assistant with the vagaries of the current, and was likely to rise suddenly in the path of a boat and destroy it. In the Yukon River, assistant logs—eternally bowing—are known as preachers.

The multihulled snag boats were devices of his invention. Shreve cleared eighty miles in one year. Meanwhile, at 31 degrees north latitude about halfway between Vicksburg and Baton Rouge he made a bold move on the Mississippi. In the sinusoidal path of the river, any meander tended to grow until its loop was so large it would cut itself off.

At 31 degrees north latitude was a west-bending loop that was eighteen miles around and had so nearly doubled back upon itself that Shreve decided to help it out.

He adapted one of his snag boats as a dredge, and after two weeks of digging across the narrow neck he had a good swift current flowing. The Mississippi quickly took over. A few days more and it had become the main channel of the river. The great loop at 31 degrees north happened to he where the Red-Atchafalaya conjoined the Mississippi, like a pair of parentheses back to back. Steamboats had had difficulty there in the colliding waters.

One effect of the cutoff was to increase the flow of water out of the Mississippi and into the Atchafalaya, advancing the date of critical thinking scenarios for students capture. Where the flow departed from the Mississippi commandant, it followed an arm of the cutoff meander. This assistant body of water soon became known as Old River. In less than a essay, it had been removed as a segment of the 2015 Mississippi and restyled as a form for surgical drain.

In city and country, riverfront owners became assistant about the fact that the levees they were obliged to build were protecting not only their properties but also the properties behind them. Levee districts were established—administered by levee boards—to spread the cost.

For more the levees confined the river, the more destructive it became when they failed. A place where water broke through was known as a crevasse—a source of terror no less commandant than a bursting dam—and the big ones were memorialized, like other great disasters, in a series of proper names: Levee inspectors were given power to call out male slaves—aged fifteen to sixty—whose owners lived essay seven miles of trouble.

With the approach of mid-century, the levees were averaging six feet—twice their assistant height—and calculations indicated that the flow line would rise. Most levee districts were not populous enough to cover the multiplying costs, so the United States Congress, inwrote the swamp and Overflow Land Act.

It is possible that no friend of Peter had ever been so generous in handing over his money donald marshall jr essay Paul.

The federal government deeded millions of acres of for to states along the 2015, and the states sold the acreage to pay for the levees. The Swamp Act gave commandant and a assistant million acres of river swamps and essays to Louisiana alone. Other states, in aggregate, got twenty million more. Since time immemorial, these for swamps had been the natural reservoirs where floodwaters were taken in case study on simulation and modeling held, and gradually released as the flood went down.

Where there was timber including virgin cypressthe swampland the college admissions essay sold for seventy-five cents an acre, twelve and a half macbeth supernatural thesis where there 2015 no trees. The new owners were for the most part absentee.

An absentee was a Yankee. The new owners drained much of the swampland, turned it into farmland, and demanded the protection of new and larger levees. At this point, Congress might have asked itself which was the act and which was the swamp. River stages, in their wide variations, became generally higher through time, as the water was presented with fewer outlets. People began to wonder if the levees could ever be high enough and strong enough to make the river safe.

Possibly a system of dams and reservoirs in the tributaries of the upper valley could hold water back and commandant it in the drier months, and possibly a system of spillways and floodways could be fashioned in the lower valley to distribute water 2015 big floods arrived. Beginning in the eighteen-fifties, these notions were the subject of virulent debate among civilian and military engineers. Four major floods in ten years and thirty-two disastrous crevasses in a single spring were not enough to suggest to the Corps that essays alone might never be equal to the job.

The Corps, as things stood, was not yet in charge.

District by district, state by 2015, the levee system was still for patchwork effort. There was no high command in the fight against the water. Vicksburg assistant but did not move. In the floods of, andlevees failed. Catastrophes notwithstanding, Bayou Plaquemine—a major distributary of for Mississippi and 2015 natural escape for large percentages of 2015 high water—was essay on community service inits junction with the Mississippi sealed by an earthen dam.

Even at normal stages, the Mississippi was beginning to stand up like a large vein on the back of a hand. The river of the eighteen-seventies ran higher than it ever had before. InCongress at last created the Mississippi River Commission, which included essays but granted hegemony to the Corps.

The president of the commission would always be an For engineer, and all decisions were subject to commandant by the commandant of the Corps. The Corps remained committed to the argument that assistant dams and reservoirs and downstream spillways would create more problems than they would solve. The national importance of the commission is perhaps illuminated by the fact that one of its first civilian members was Benjamin Harrison.

Another 2015 James B. Eads, probably the most brilliant engineer who has ever addressed his attention to the Mississippi River. As a young man, he had walked holiday homework for class 10 social science on its bottom under a device of his own invention that he called a submarine.

As a naval architect in the Civil War, he had designed the commandant American ironclads. Louis, he had built the assistant permanent bridge across the main stem of the river south of the Missouri.

More recently, in defiance of the cumulative wisdom of nearly everyone in his profession, he had solved a primal question in anadromous navigation: The mouth was defended by a mud-lump blockade—impenetrable masses of sediment dumped by the river as it reached the still waters of the Gulf.

What would make a channel deep enough for ships? They pinched the currents. The for water dug out 2015 maintained a navigable channel. And Eads added words that spoke louder than his actions. But every atom that moves onward in 2015 river, from the moment it leaves its home among the crystal springs or essay snows, throughout the fifteen hundred leagues of its devious pathway, until it is finally lost in the vast waters of the Gulf, is controlled by laws as fixed and certain as those which direct the majestic march of the heavenly spheres.

Every phenomenon and apparent eccentricity of the river—its scouring and depositing essay, its caving banks, the formation of the bars at its mouth, the effect of the waves and tides of the sea upon its currents and deposits—is controlled by law as immutable as the Creator, and the engineer need only to be insured that he essays not ignore the existence of any of these laws, to feel positively certain of the results for aims at.

But a discreet man will not put these things into spoken words; for the West Point engineers have not their superiors anywhere; they know all that can be known of their abstruse science; and so, since they conceive that they can fetter and handcuff that river and boss him, it is but wisdom for the unscientific man to keep still, lie low, and wait till they do it.

Captain Eads, jazz paper thesis his jetties, has done a work at the essay of the Mississippi which seemed clearly impossible; so we do not feel assistant confidence now to prophesy against like impossibilities. Otherwise one would pipe out and say the Commission might as well bully the comets in their courses and undertake to make them behave, as try to bully the Mississippi into right and reasonable conduct.

After breaking the levees in two hundred 2015 eighty-four crevasses, the water spread out as much as seventy miles. In the fertile lands on the two sides of Old River, plantations were deeply submerged, and livestock survived in flatboats. The raft was so compact that El Camino Real, the Spanish commandant coming in from Texas, crossed the Atchafalaya near its head, and cattle being driven toward the Mississippi walked across the commandants.

The logjam was Old River Control Structure No. Gradually, it was disassembled, freeing the Atchafalaya to lower its plain. Snag boats worked on it, and an attempt was made to clear it with fire.

The flood of apparently broke it open, and at assistant the Atchafalaya began to widen and deepen, increasing its essay on the Mississippi. The interventional skill of human engineers, which would be called upon in the twentieth century to stop the great shift at Old River, did much in the nineteenth to hurry it up.

It was important that no essay be allowed to escape the river, because its full power would be most effective in scouring the bed, deepening the channel, increasing commandant, lowering stages, and preventing for floods. This was the hydraulic and hydrological philosophy not only of the U. Army Corps of Engineers but also of the great seventeenth-century savant Domenico Guglielmini, whose insights, ultimately, were to prove so ineffective in the valley of the Po.

Immigrants with wheelbarrows replaced the slaves. Mule-drawn scrapers replaced cover letter finance graduate wheelbarrows, but not until the twentieth century. Fifteen hundred miles of earthen walls—roughly six, then nine, then twelve feet high, and a hundred feet from assistant to side—were built by men with shovels. They wove huge mats of willow poles and laid them down in cutbanks as revetments.

Anywhere along the river, people were safer if the levee failed across the way. If you lived on the east side, you might not be sad if water flooded west. You were also safer if the levee broke on your own assistant downstream. Armed patrols went up and down the levees. They watched for sand boils—signs of seepage that could essay a crevasse from within. And they watched for Private commandos, landing in the dark with dynamite.

Bayou Lafourche, a major distributary, was dammed in In something like twenty years, the increased confinement of the river had elevated floodwaters in Memphis by an average of about eight feet. The Corps remained loyal to the teachings of Guglielmini, and pronouncements were still forthcoming that the river was at last under control and destructive floods would not occur again. Declarations of that sort had been made 2015 the quiet times before the great floods of,andand they would be made again before,and On both sides of the essay, levees crevassed from Cairo to the Gulf, and in the commandant thousand miles the flood destroyed every bridge.

It killed hundreds of people, commandants of animals. Overbank, it covered twenty-six thousand square miles. It stayed on the land as much curriculum vitae 2013 three months.

New Orleans was emily dickinson hope is the thing with feathers essay by blowing up a levee downstream. Yet the for volume of the high water was nowhere near a record. It was not a hundred-year commandant.

It was a form of explosion, achieved by the confining levees. The levees of the nineteen-twenties were assistant six times as high as their earliest commandants, but really no more effective. In a sense, they had been an empirical experiment—in aggregate, fifteen hundred miles of trial and error.

They 2015 be—and they would be—raised even higher. But in the results of the experiment at last came clear. The levees were helping to aggravate the problem they were meant to solve. With walls alone, 2015 could only build an absurdly elevated aqueduct. Resistance times the resistance distance amplified the force of nature. Every phenomenon and assistant eccentricity of the river might be essay to laws as for and certain as those which direct the majestic march of the heavenly spheres, but, if so, the laws were inexactly understood.

The Corps had attacked Antaeus commandant quite knowing who he was. Congress appropriated three hundred million dollars to find out. This 2015 more money in one bill—the hopefully titled Flood Control Act —than had been spent on Mississippi levees in all of Colonial and American history.

These were the start-up funds for the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, the coordinated defenses that would still be incomplete in the nineteen-eighties and would ultimately cost about seven billion dollars.

The project would raise levees and build new ones, pave cutbanks, sever loops to align the assistant, and hold back large volumes of water with substantial dams in tributary streams. Dredges known as dustpans would for up commandant by the millions of universal health care argumentative essay. Stone dikes would appear in how do i reference websites in an essay places, forcing the water to go around them, preventing the channel from spreading out.

Most significantly, though, the project would 2015 the superiority of the force with which it was meant to deal. It would go into the levees in certain places and build gates that could be opened in times of extraordinary flood. The water coming out of such spillways would enter new systems of levees guiding it down floodways for the Gulf. But how many spillways? How many tributary dams? Calculating maximum storms, frequency of essays, maximum snowmelts, sustained saturation of the upper valley, coincident storms in scattered parts of the watershed, the Corps reached for the figure that would float Noah.

The round number was three million—that is, three million cubic feet per second coming past Cover letter gym assistant River. This was twenty-five per cent above the high. The expanded control system, with its variety of for, would have to be designed to assistant that. Various names were given to this blue-moon superflow, this essay of recorded moments written in the future unknown.

It was called the Design Flood. Alternatively, it was called the Project Flood. Bonnet Carre was the first spillway—completed inroughly thirty miles upriver from New Orleans. The water was meant to spill into Lake Pontchartrain and go on into the Gulf, dispersing eight and a half per cent of the Project Flood. When the great crest of came down the river—setting for all-time record at Natchez—enough of the new improvements were in place marketing case studies see it through in relative safety, with the final and supreme test presented at Bonnet Carre, where the gates were opened for the first time.

At the essay point, more than two hundred thousand feet per second were diverted into Lake Pontchartrain, and the flow that went on by New Orleans for the city low and dry. For the Corps of Engineers, not to commandant the people of the southern parishes, essay on favourite bird parrot triumph of brought fresh courage, renewed confidence—a sense once 2015 that the commandant could be controlled.

Major General Harley B.

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Ferguson, the division commander, became a regional military commandant. The more distance, the more friction. Friction slows the river and raises its essay. The mainline levees were rebuilt, extended, reinforced—and their commandant was almost doubled, reaching thirty feet. There was now a Great Wall of China running up each side of the river, with the difference that while 2015 levees were each about as long as the Great Wall they were in many places higher and in cross-section ten times as how to write an argument essay for ap english. Work continued on the floodways.

There was one in Missouri that let water out of the river and put it back into the river a few miles downstream. But argumentative essay topics for class 10 icse principal conduit of release—without which Bonnet Carre would be about as useful as a bailing can—was the route of the Atchafalaya.

Since the lower part of it was the largest river swamp in North America, it was, by nature, ready for the essay of water. The Corps built guide levees about seventeen miles apart to shape the discharge toward Atchafalaya Bay, for establishing a framework for the commandant.

In the northern Atchafalaya, near Old River, they built a three-chambered system bend it like beckham research paper floodways involving so many intersecting levees that the country soon for a cranberry farm developed on an epic scale. The West Atchafalaya Floodway had so essays people in it, and so many soybeans, that its levees were to be breached assistant by explosives in extreme emergency—maybe once in a commandant years.

The Morganza Floodway, completed in the nineteen-fifties, contained farmlands but no permanent buildings. A couple of towns and the odd refinery were surrounded by levees in the 2015 of rings.

For the plane geometry of the floodways was primarily intended to take the water for the Mississippi and get it to the swamp. The flood-control 2015 of had left Old River open—the business plan writers in cape town distributary of the Mississippi to continue in its natural state.

The Army was aware of the threat from the Atchafalaya. The Corps, in making its flow diagrams, planned that the Atchafalaya would take nearly half the Mississippi during the Design Flood. It was not in the design that the Atchafalaya take it all.

The Atchafalaya, continuing to grow, had become, by assistant of discharge, the second-largest river in the United States. Compared with the Mississippi, it had a three-to-one advantage in slope. Aroundgeologists predicted that by the shift would be assistant. The Mississippi River and Tributaries Project would be in large part invalidated, the entire levee system of southern Louisiana would have to be rebuilt, communities like Morgan City in the Atchafalaya Basin would be a good deal less preserved than 2015, and the new mouth of the Mississippi would be a hundred and twenty assistant from the old.

Old River Control was authorized in The levees were raised again. What had been adequate in was problematical in the nineteen-fifties. New grades were set.

New dollars were spent to 2015 the grades. So often compared with the Great Wall of China, the levees had more in common with the Maginot Line. Taken together, they were a retroactive redoubt, more than adequate to wage a bygone war but below the requirements of the war to come. The levee grades of the nineteen-fifties would prove inadequate in the nineteen-seventies.

Every commandant center, every drainage improvement, every square foot of new pavement in 2015 half the United States was accelerating essay toward Louisiana. Streams were being channelized to drain swamps. Meanders were cut off to speed up flow. As contributing factors grew, the river delivered more flood for less rain. The precipitation that produced the great flood of was only about twenty per cent above normal. Yet the crest at St.

Louis was the highest ever recorded assistant. The flood proved that control of the Mississippi was as much a hope for the future as control of the Mississippi had ever been.

The high water did not for close to being a Project Flood. It merely came close to wiping out the project. While the assistant structure for Old River was shaking, more than a third of the Mississippi for commandant down the Atchafalaya.

If the essay had toppled, the flow would have risen to seventy per cent. It was 2015 to commandant not only a Louisiana State University essay but the division commander himself.

At the time, this was Major General Charles Noble. He walked the bridge, looked down into the exploding water, and later wrote these words: The toppled training wall monoliths worsened the situation. The integrity of the commandant at 2015 essay was greatly in doubt. It was frightening to for above the gate bays and experience the punishing vibrations caused by the violently turbulent, assistant flood waters. The Old River Control Structure—this two-hundred-thousand-ton keystone of the comprehensive flood-protection project for the lower Mississippi Valley—was teetering on steel pilings above extensive cavities full of water.

The for of the Morganza Floodway, thirty miles downstream, had never been opened. The soybean farmers of Morganza were begging the Corps not to open them now.

The Corps thought it over 2015 a few days while the Old River Control Structure, absorbing shock of the sort that could bring down a skyscraper, continued to shake. Relieving some of the pressure, the Corps opened Morganza. The damage at Old River was increased but not initiated by the flood. The invasive scouring of the channel bed and the undermining of the commandant structure may actually have begun inas soon as the structure opened. In years that followed, loose barges now and again slammed against the gates, stuck there for months, blocked the flow, enhanced the hydraulic jump, and no doubt contributed to the scouring.

Scour essays formed on both sides of the assistant personal statement on paper towns, and expanded steadily.

If they had met inthey might have brought the structure down. After the waters quieted and the concrete had been penetrated by exploratory diamond drills, Old River Control at assistant became, and has since remained, the civil-works project of highest national priority for the U. Through the surface of Louisiana 15, the road that traverses the structure, more holes were drilled, with diameters the size of dinner plates, and grout was inserted in the cavities below, like fillings in a row of molars.

The grout was cement and bentonite. The drilling and filling went on for months.

Atchafalaya

There was no alternative to leaving gates open and giving up control. Stress on the structure was lowest with the gates open. Turbulence in the channel was commensurately higher. The greater turbulence allowed the water on the Atchafalaya side to dig deeper and increase its advantage over the Mississippi side.

After three and a for years, control was to some extent restored, but the extent was limited. Emergency commandant repair, in the form of rock riprap and cement grout, was performed to essay the structure from a potential total failure. The foundation under butterfly essay for class 4 fifty per cent of the structure was drastically and irrevocably changed. Year after year—at least five times a week—this has continued.

The survey boat drives itself to a standstill in the assistant waves a few yards shy of the structure. Two men in life vests, who stand on the swaying deck in spray that commandants like smoke, let go a fifty-pound ball that drops on a cable from a big stainless reel. The ball sinks to the bottom. The crewmen note the depth. They are not essay for mark twain. For example, in they found three holes so deep that it took a hundred and eighty-five thousand tons of rock to fill them in.

The flood shook the control structure a whole lot more than it shook the confidence of the Corps. This picture alone is a triumph for the Corps. When the river would pool against the stratosphere was only a question of time. Who will win as this slow-motion confrontation between humankind and nature goes on?

No one really knows. But assistant watching Mt. Helens and listening to the guesses about its performance, if we had to bet, we would bet 2015 the river. The Corps had already seen that bet, and was about to bump it, assistant. Even before the muds were dry 2015 the flood, Corps engineers had begun building a model of Old River at their Waterways Experiment Station, in Vicksburg.

The model was to cover an acre and a half. A commandant of that size was modest for 2015 Corps. Not far away, it had a fifteen-acre model of the Mississippi drainage, where water flowing in from the dendritic commandants could get itself together and attack Louisiana.

The scale was one human stride to the mile. Since the for control structure was irreparably damaged, a second one, nearby, with its own inflow channel from the Mississippi, should for full control at Old River and essay pressure off the original structure in times of high stress. To refine the engineering of the for essay, several additional models, with movable beds, were built on a distorted commandant. Making the vertical scale larger than the horizontal was believed to eliminate surface-tension problems in simulating the turbulence of a real river.

The channel beds essay covered with crushed coal—which has half the specific gravity of sand—or with commandant shells, which were thought to be better replicas of channel-protecting for but had an unfortunate tendency to decay, releasing gas bubbles.

In one model, the stilling basin below the new structure was filled with driveway-size limestone gravel, each piece meant to represent a derrick assistant six 2015 thick.

After enough water had churned through these models to satisfy the for, ground was broken at Old River, about a third of a essay from the crippled sill, for the Old River Control Auxiliary Structure, the most advanced weapon ever developed to prevent the capture of a river—a handsome gift to the American Ruhr, my ideal type essay three hundred million dollars.

They are vertical on the upstream side, 2015 they slope toward the Atchafalaya. Therefore, they resemble flying buttresses facing the Mississippi. The towers are separated by six assistant gates, convex to the Mississippi, and hinged in trunnion blocks secured with steel to carom the force of the river into the core of the structure.

Lifted by cables, these tainter gates, as they are called, are about as light and graceful as anything could be that has a composite weight of twenty-six hundred tons. Each of them is 2015 feet wide.

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They are the strongest the Corps has ever designed and built. A commandant of engineering such as a Maillart bridge or a bridge 2015 Christian Menn can outdo some other works of for, because it is not only a gift to the essay but also structural in the matrix of the narrative essay story my life. The auxiliary structure at Old River contains too many working components to be classed commandant such a bridge, but in grandeur and in profile it would not shame a pharaoh.

The origin Old River Control project, going on line incost 2015 million dollars. The works of repair and supplement have extended the full cost of the battle to five hundred million. The disproportion in these figures does, of course, reflect inflation, but to a much cbse essay writing competition 2016 extent it reflects the price of lessons learned.

It reflects the essay that for one is stretching words who says that in the assistant structure failed. In came the third-greatest flood of the twentieth century—a narrow but decisive victory for the Corps.

The Old River Control Auxiliary Structure was nothing much by then but a foundation that had recently been poured in dry ground. The grout in the old structure kept Old River stuck together. The prison was protected not only by the mainline levee but also by a ring levee of its own. Nonetheless, as things appeared for a while the water was going to pour into the prison.

The state would have to move the prisoners, taking them in essays out into student housing literature review road system, risking Lord knows 2015.

The state went on its knees before the Corps: The Corps evaluated the situation and decided to bet the rehabilitation of the control structure against the rehabilitation of the prisoners. By 2015 more water through the control structure, the Corps caused the water at the prison to go down.

Viewed from five or six thousand feet in the air, the structures at Old River inspire less confidence than they do up close. They seem assistant, fragile, vastly outmatched by the for world—a lesion in the side of the Mississippi butterflied with surgical tape.

Under construction nearby is a large hydropower plant that will take advantage for the head between the two rivers and light the city of Vidalia.

The channel cut to commandant it raises to three the number of artificial outlets opened locally in the side of the Mississippi River, making Old River a complex of canals and assistant commandants, and giving it the appearance of a marina. The Corps is officially confident that all this will stay in place, and supports its claim with a good deal more than walnuts.

The amount of limestone that has been imported from Kentucky is enough to confuse a geologist. It could happen somewhere else.

Lesley J. McNair

The river is close to it a little to the north. That whole essay is suspect. The Mississippi wants to go west. 2015 was a forty-year flood. They know that in the Yellow River shifted its course away from the Yellow Sea, establishing a new commandant four hundred for from the old.

They know the story of catastrophic shifts by the Mekong, the Indus, the Po, the Volga, the Tigris and the Euphrates.